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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.

Topic 2

Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.

Topic 3

Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.

Topic 4

systems from those required for conventional systems.

Topic 5

Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.

Topic 6

Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.

Topic 7

Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q81-Q86):

NEW QUESTION # 81
Before deployment of an AI based system, a developer is expected to demonstrate in a test environment how decisions are made. Which of the following characteristics does decision making fall under?

A. Non-determinism
B. Self-learning
C. Explainability
D. Autonomy

Answer: C

Explanation:
Explainability in AI-based systems refers to the ease with which users can determine how the system reaches a particular result. It is a crucial aspect when demonstrating AI decision-making, as it ensures that decisions made by AI models are transparent, interpretable, and understandable by stakeholders.
Before deploying an AI-based system, a developer must validate how decisions are made in a test environment. This process falls under the characteristic of explainability because it involves clarifying how an AI model arrives at its conclusions, which helps build trust in the system and meet regulatory and ethical requirements.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 2.7: Transparency, Interpretability, and Explainability)
* "Explainability is considered to be the ease with which users can determine how the AI-based system comes up with a particular result".
* "Most users are presented with AI-based systems as 'black boxes' and have little awareness of how these systems arrive at their results. This ignorance may even apply to the data scientists who built the systems. Occasionally, users may not even be aware they are interacting with an AI- based system".
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 8.6: Testing the Transparency, Interpretability, and Explainability of AI-based Systems)
* "Testing the explainability of AI-based systems involves verifying whether users can understand and validate AI-generated decisions. This ensures that AI systems remain accountable and do not make incomprehensible or biased decisions".
* Contrast with Other Options:
* Autonomy (B): Autonomy relates to an AI system's ability to operate independently without human oversight. While decision-making is a key function of autonomy, the focus here is on demonstrating the reasoning behind decisions, which falls under explainability rather than autonomy.
* Self-learning (C): Self-learning systems adapt based on previous data and experiences, which is different from making decisions understandable to humans.
* Non-determinism (D): AI-based systems are often probabilistic and non-deterministic, meaning they do not always produce the same output for the same input. This can make testing and validation more challenging, but it does not relate to explaining the decision-making process.
Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the question explicitly asks about the characteristic under which decision-making falls when being demonstrated before deployment,explainability is the correct choicebecause it ensures that AI decisions are transparent, understandable, and accountable to stakeholders.

NEW QUESTION # 82
An e-commerce developer built an application for automatic classification of online products in order to allow customers to select products faster. The goal is to provide more relevant products to the user based on prior purchases.
Which of the following factors is necessary for a supervised machine learning algorithm to be successful?

A. Labeling the data correctly
B. Selecting the correct data pipeline for the ML training
C. Minimizing the amount of time spent training the algorithm
D. Grouping similar products together before feeding them into the algorithm

Answer: A

Explanation:
Supervised machine learning requires correctly labeled data to train an effective model. The learning process relies on input-output mappings where each training example consists of an input (features) and a correctly labeled output (target variable). Incorrect labeling can significantly degrade model performance.
* Supervised Learning Process
* The algorithm learns from labeled data, mapping inputs to correct outputs during training.
* If labels are incorrect, the model will learn incorrect relationships and produce unreliable predictions.
* Quality of Training Data
* The accuracy of any supervised ML model ishighly dependent on the quality of labels.
* Poorly labeled data leads to mislabeled training sets, resulting inbiased or underperforming models.
* Error Minimization and Model Accuracy
* Incorrectly labeled data affects theconfusion matrix, reducing precision, recall, and accuracy.
* It leads to overfitting or underfitting, which decreases the model's ability to generalize.
* Industry Standard Practices
* Many AI development teams spend a significant amount of time ondata annotation and quality controlto ensure high-quality labeled datasets.
* (B) Minimizing the amount of time spent training the algorithm#(Incorrect)
* While reducing training time is important for efficiency, the quality of training is more critical. A well-trained model takes time to process large datasets and optimize its parameters.
* (C) Selecting the correct data pipeline for the ML training#(Incorrect)
* A good data pipeline helps, butit does not directly impact learning successas much as labeling does.Even a well-optimized pipeline cannot fix incorrect labels.
* (D) Grouping similar products together before feeding them into the algorithm#(Incorrect)
* This describesclustering, which is anunsupervised learning technique. Supervised learningrequires labeled examples, not just grouping of data.
* Labeled data is necessary for supervised learning."For supervised learning, it is necessary to have properly labeled data."
* Data labeling errors can impact performance."Supervised learning assumes that the data is correctly labeled by the data annotators.However, it is rare in practice for all items in a dataset to be labeled correctly." Why Labeling is Critical?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, ascorrectly labeled data is essential for supervised machine learning success.

NEW QUESTION # 83
Which ONE of the following options is the MOST APPROPRIATE stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Evaluating the model
B. Deploying the model
C. Tuning the model
D. Data testing

Answer: C

Explanation:
Setting model and algorithm hyperparameters is an essential step in the machine learning workflow, primarily occurring during the tuning phase.
Evaluating the model (A): This stage involves assessing the model's performance using metrics and does not typically include the setting of hyperparameters.
Deploying the model (B): Deployment is the stage where the model is put into production and used in real-world applications. Hyperparameters should already be set before this stage.
Tuning the model (C): This is the correct stage where hyperparameters are set. Tuning involves adjusting the hyperparameters to optimize the model's performance.
Data testing (D): Data testing involves ensuring the quality and integrity of the data used for training and testing the model. It does not include setting hyperparameters.
Hence, the most appropriate stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters is C. Tuning the model.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 3.2 on the ML Workflow outlines the different stages of the ML process, including the tuning phase where hyperparameters are set.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #31 specifically addresses the stage in the ML workflow where hyperparameters are configured.

NEW QUESTION # 84
You are testing an autonomous vehicle which uses AI to determine proper driving actions and responses. You have evaluated the parameters and combinations to be tested and have determinedthat there are too many to test in the time allowed. It has been suggested that you use pairwise testing to limit the parameters. Given the complexity of the software under test, what is likely the outcome from using pairwise testing?

A. All high priority defects will be identified using this method.
B. The number of parameters to test can be reduced to less than a dozen.
C. Pairwise cannot be applied to this problem because there is AI involved and the evolving values may result in unexpected results that cannot be verified.
D. While the number of tests needed can be reduced, there may still be a large enough set of tests that automation will be required to execute all of them.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Pairwise testing is a combinatorial testing technique that reduces the number of test cases by focusing on testing interactions between pairs of parameters rather than all possible combinations. It is widely used in AI- based systems, including autonomous vehicles, where the number of possible input parameter combinations can be extremely high.
* Option A:"The number of parameters to test can be reduced to less than a dozen."
* This is incorrect. While pairwise testing significantly reduces the number of test cases, it does not necessarily limit them to a fixed number like a dozen. The final number of tests depends on the number of parameters and their possible values.
* Option B:"All high priority defects will be identified using this method."
* This is incorrect. While pairwise testing is effective in detecting defects caused by interactions between two parameters, it may not uncover defects resulting from more complex interactions involving three or more parameters.
* Option C:"While the number of tests needed can be reduced, there may still be a large enough set of tests that automation will be required to execute all of them."
* This is the correct answer. Even though pairwise testing reduces the number of test cases, AI- based systems such as autonomous vehicles still have a large number of test scenarios. Therefore, automation is often necessary to execute all test cases within the available time.
* Option D:"Pairwise cannot be applied to this problem because there is AI involved, and the evolving values may result in unexpected results that cannot be verified."
* This is incorrect. Pairwise testing can still be applied to AI-based systems, including those that evolve over time. However, additional testing techniques may be required to verify evolving behavior.
* Pairwise Testing for AI Systems:"Pairwise testing is widely used because it effectively reduces the number of test cases while maintaining defect detection capability".
* Automation Requirement:"In practice, even with pairwise testing, extensive test suites may still require automation".
Analysis of the Answer Options:ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus References:

NEW QUESTION # 85
A company is using a spam filter to attempt to identify which emails should be marked as spam. Detection rules are created by the filter that causes a message to be classified as spam. An attacker wishes to have all messages internal to the company be classified as spam. So, the attacker sends messages with obvious red flags in the body of the email and modifies the from portion of the email to make it appear that the emails have been sent by company members. The testers plan to use exploratory data analysis (EDA) to detect the attack and use this information to prevent future adversarial attacks.
How could EDA be used to detect this attack?

A. EDA can restrict how many inputs can be provided by unique users.
B. EDA can detect and remove the false emails.
C. EDA can help detect the outlier emails from the real emails.
D. EDA cannot be used to detect the attack.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is an essential technique for examining datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and anomalies, including outliers. In this case, the attacker manipulates the spam filter by injecting emails with red flags and masking them as internal company emails. The primary goal of EDA here is to detect these adversarial modifications.
* Detecting Outliers:
* EDA techniques such as statistical analysis, clustering, and visualization can reveal patterns in email metadata (e.g., sender details, email content, frequency).
* Outlier detection methods like Z-score, IQR (Interquartile Range), or machine learning-based anomaly detection can identify emails that significantly deviate from typical internal communications.
* Identifying Distribution Shifts:
* By analyzing the frequency and characteristics of emails flagged as spam, testers can detect if the attack has introduced unusual patterns.
* If a surge of internal emails is suddenly classified as spam, EDA can help verify whether these classifications are consistent with historical data.
* Feature Analysis for Adversarial Patterns:
* EDA enables visualization techniques such as scatter plots or histograms to distinguish normal emails from manipulated ones.
* Examining email metadata (e.g., changes in headers, unusual wording in email bodies) can reveal adversarial tactics.
* Counteracting Adversarial Attacks:
* Once anomalies are identified, the spam filter's detection rules can be improved by retraining the model on corrected datasets.
* The adversarial examples can be added to the training data to enhance the robustness of the filter against future attacks.
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to detect outliers and adversarial attacks."EDA is where data are examined for patterns, relationships, trends, and outliers. It involves the interactive, hypothesis-driven exploration of data."
* EDA can identify poisoned or manipulated data by detecting anomalies and distribution shifts.
"Testing to detect data poisoning is possible using EDA, as poisoned data may show up as outliers."
* EDA helps validate ML models and detect potential vulnerabilities."The use of exploratory techniques, primarily driven by data visualization, can help validate the ML algorithm being used, identify changes that result in efficient models, and leverage domain expertise." References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, as EDA is specifically useful for detecting outliers, which can help identify manipulated spam emails.

NEW QUESTION # 86
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